Module name: Low Impact Manufacturing Module code: ENGT5220 Title of the Assignment: Assignment A - Industrial Energy Systems Submitted by: Muhammad Nabeel khan Submitted to: Professor Rick Greenough Due date 6 March Student id p2687807

 Module name:  Low Impact Manufacturing

Module code:  ENGT5220

Title of the Assignment:  Assignment A - Industrial Energy Systems

Submitted by: Muhammad Nabeel khan

Submitted to: Professor Rick Greenough

Due date 6 March

Student id p2687807

Dairy processing 

Condensing raw milk & separating solids to various degrees is part of dairy processing. This organization often uses electricity for pumps, cooling, and separating while thermal energy is utilized for pasteurization, evaporating, and cleaning. Compared to cheese, making milk powder consumes more energy because of the more rigorous drying and evaporation processes that are used. Primary energy consumption is split between drying (51%), which consumes a significant amount of primary energy, and concentration (45%) (Singh, 2011)

                  

Because raw milk was perishable and requires rigorous hygienic standards, daily cleaning consumes a significant amount of energy. Companies may preconcentrate before drying using evaporators to save electricity (Smit, 2003). Spray drying uses 10-20 % more electricity per liter than traditional drying methods like evaporators.

An electrical energy usage of 3.69 kWh per 100 kg was calculated for the processing of seven goods (including milk processing).

As a result, food-borne disease may be minimized because of the long-term storage benefits of milk processing. Cooling (which is more likely to affect the quality of raw milk) and fermentation may be used to prolong the useable life of milk by several days.

Vacuum cups linked to the cow's teats are used to milk the cow. Large refrigerated vats are used to retain the milk at a temperature of 5°C or less. Tankers transport milk to a milk plant where it is pasteurized and homogenized within 48 hours.

Pasteurisation:

In order to eliminate potentially dangerous germs and microorganisms, milk is heated to 72°C for no less than 15 seconds before it is cooled to room temperature. By doing so, the product will last longer. Then came Average milk collection in November was 224.80 kg, 7.50 (KW) and 62.0 (KJ/103). The lowest milk collection was 14.04 kg and power consumption averaged 0.47 (KW) in shift A of old alfa in December.

Homogenisation

Fine nozzles disseminate fat globules uniformly by putting milk under high pressure. Allows for a more uniform flavor, texture, and appearance by keeping the cream from separating or rising to the top. People who like the cream to separate & rise to the top of the bottle may buy unhomogenized milk from certain producers.

Consistent milk production is possible because to modern agricultural technology, cow management, and factory processes. This allows for year-round milk uniformity. There is a standardization of milk composition to ensure that fat content, for example, is the same regardless of the season and breed of cow from whom the milk is taken. Less than 1 % of the energy is utilized for homogenization, but nevertheless, high-pressure homogenization is the most efficient method available.

Ultra filtration

Protein, fat globules, and a considerable number of calcium complexes are held back from the milk when it travels through a membrane under moderate pressure. Lactose (the milk sugar) and water are removed, leaving a product that is high in protein and calcium. The amount of fat may be tailored to the individual's preferences. Furthermore, UF membrane performance for UF-YOG was never regained, despite frequent and extreme cleaning methods. In comparison, UF-energy MILK's consumption stayed constant at 1.5 kwh/kg GSY, whereas UF-went YOG's up from 0.6 to 1.5 kwh/kg GSY in the same period of time.

Osmosis at a very high rate

Unlike ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, this process does not remove milk particles from the water. Whole milk can be concentrated with Reverse Osmosis (RO) to levels of 25-30%.

Permeate

Some milk producers utilize an ultrafiltration technique, in which a membrane filter removes certain components from milk, to standardize the quality of their product all year round. The lactose (milk sugar), vitamins, and minerals that make it past the filter into the milk are referred to as "permeate."

The word "permeate" refers to the filtrate produced by any membrane filtering process, whether it be in food production or otherwise. It's a similar filtering process when making apple juice, for example, where the clear juice we purchase and consume is the permeate.

 

Air infiltration

Continuously opening the doors of a production facility results in air infiltration, which consumes energy as it circulates. Ensure that the doors are shut and secured whenever possible in order to minimize energy losses. That may be quite a challenge, in fact. People that deal with shipping ports believes that opening and closing doors many times during a transfer is repetitive, therefore they save effort by propping the doors open. In one option, distinctive entryways that can open and shut quickly (however securely) should be installed, and representatives should be encouraged to use them as often as is common sense. Another option is to use doors that automatically shut if they are left open for long periods of time. Strip curtains are a feasible solution for entrances with so much traffic that even swiftly opening the doors would be sluggish (Shah, 2009).

The most energy process used in this industry is:

Biomass-based energy

The kcal/kg unit of energy measurement is widely used.

Powered by a renewable source of energy

Kcal/kg is a unit of energy measurement.

Fuels such as solar power, wind power, and hydropower

Kilowatt-hours (kWh) are also used to measure energy.

When solar, wind, and hydropower are employed, pollution and reliance on nonrenewable energy sources are minimized, and these resources play an important part in the electricity business (Hung, 2006). Carbon dioxide emissions are included in net zero emissions. This requires reducing all of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Net zero emissions may also be achieved by the use of electric vehicles in power plants and effective use of energy (Flint, 2010).

New greenhouse gas emissions must be kept to a minimum, however, in order to prevent a climatic disaster. Or to put it another way, we should strive for as near to zero as feasible and only use offsetting when absolutely required. This implies that we must quickly phase out fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas, and shift to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower.

Why is net zero emissions important?

Once we cease using fossil fuels, we won't be able to halt climate change. Carbon dioxide, the primary cause of global warming, is here to stay and will continue to do so for many years to come.

The principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2), is being phased out of the world's energy system, which is currently dominated by the burning of fossil fuels. In order to slow down global warming, safeguard human health, and reenergize the American economy, we need to make this energy shift (Tomasula, 2015). The term "net zero emissions" refers to a situation in which the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated equals the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions removed from the atmosphere. For example, we want to make it such that no more greenhouse gas is added into the atmosphere in any particular year than is removed out of it, which implies that the scales must be tipped back in our favor. (Bergeron, 1995)

Clean, renewable energy may be purchased or generated directly by local governments to significantly minimize their carbon impact.

The following are the most often used forms of renewable energy:

Directed by the Sun's energy (photovoltaic, solar thermal)

Wind

Wastewater treatment digester gas, for example, is a common source of biogas.

Geothermal Biomass

Hydroelectricity that has a low environmental effect

Wave and tidal power are two new technologies that are gaining traction. 

Options for using renewable energy include:

Using a system or gadget at the spot where the electricity is utilized to generate renewable energy (e.g., PV panels on a state building, geothermal heat pumps, biomass-fueled combined heat and power).

Purchasing green power In order to reflect the technological and environmental features of electricity produced from renewable resources (RECs), which are also known are green tags, green energy certificates, and tradable renewable certificates.

Purchasing renewable energy via a green pricing or green marketing scheme, in which customers pay a tiny premium for energy produced locally using green power resources by an electric company.

Benefits of Renewable Energy

The following are some of the many social, economic, and environmental advantages of relying on clean, renewable energy: The production of energy from renewable sources that does not emit greenhouse gas emissions while also reducing some forms of air pollution Reduce dependency on imported fuels by increasing energy supply diversity. Manufacturing, installation, and other sectors of the economy are all being targeted for creating new employment.

Implementing On-site Renewable Energy Projects

A direct connection to renewable energy is provided through on-site power generating. An added advantage of on-site projects is the reduction of financial risks, as well as the enhancement of electrical output quality and supply dependability.

While considering on-site generation, local governments should be aware of the potential technical, financial, and regulatory difficulties that may arise. Local governments may address these concerns by assessing the availability of local renewable resources (Chandan, 2009).

Consider the price differences between several types of renewable energy.

In-house green power: a cost-benefit analysis

Consider the location's permission requirements before deciding where to locate the facility.

Placement matters, especially when it comes to the local community.

Analyze the funding options and other incentives at your disposal.

References:

Smit, G. ed., 2003 Dairy processing: improving quality. Elsevier.

Chandan, R. C., Kilara, A., & Shah, N. P. (Eds.). (2009) Dairy processing and quality assurance. John Wiley & Sons.

Chawla, R., Patil, G.R. and Singh, A.K., 2011. High hydrostatic pressure technology in dairy processing: a review. Journal of food science and technology, 48(3), pp.260-268

Burgess, S.A., Lindsay, D. and Flint, S.H., 2010. Thermophilic bacilli and their importance in dairy processing. International journal of food microbiology, 144(2), pp.215-225

Britz, T.J., Van Schalkwyk, C. and Hung, Y.T., 2006. Treatment of dairy processing wastewaters. Waste treatment in the food processing industry, 1.

Austin, J.W. and Bergeron, G., 1995. Development of bacterial biofilms in dairy processing lines. Journal of Dairy Research, 62(3), pp.509-519.

Datta, N. and Tomasula, P.M., 2015. Emerging dairy processing technologies: Opportunities for the dairy industry. John Wiley & Sons.

Chandan, R.C., 2009. Dairy Processing and Quality. Dairy processing and quality assurance.